Emergent SARS-CoV-2 variants: comparative replication dynamics and high sensitivity to thapsigargin.

The struggle to control the COVID-19 pandemic is made challenging by the emergence of virulent SARS-CoV-2 variants. To gain insight into their replication dynamics, emergent Alpha (A), Beta (B) and Delta (D) SARS-CoV-2 variants were assessed for their infection performance in single variant- and co-infections. The effectiveness of thapsigargin (TG), a recently discovered broad-spectrum antiviral, against these variants was also examined. Of the 3 viruses, the D variant exhibited the highest replication rate and was most able to spread to in-contact cells; its replication rate at 24 h post-infection (hpi) based on progeny viral RNA production was over 4 times that of variant A and 9 times more than the B variant. In co-infections, the D variant boosted the replication of its co-infected partners at the expense of its own initial performance. Furthermore, co-infection with AD or AB combination conferred replication synergy where total progeny (RNA) output was greater than the sum of corresponding single-variant infections. All variants were highly sensitive to TG inhibition. A single pre-infection priming dose of TG effectively blocked all single-variant infections and every combination (AB, AD, BD variants) of co-infection at greater than 95% (relative to controls) at 72 hpi. Likewise, TG was effective in inhibiting each variant in active preexisting infection. In conclusion, against the current backdrop of the dominant D variant that could be further complicated by co-infection synergy with new variants, the growing list of viruses susceptible to TG, a promising host-centric antiviral, now includes a spectrum of contemporary SARS-CoV-2 viruses.

Thapsigargin Is a Broad-Spectrum Inhibitor of Major Human Respiratory Viruses: Coronavirus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Influenza A Virus.

The long-term control strategy of SARS-CoV-2 and other major respiratory viruses needs to include antivirals to treat acute infections, in addition to the judicious use of effective vaccines. Whilst COVID-19 vaccines are being rolled out for mass vaccination, the modest number of antivirals in use or development for any disease bears testament to the challenges of antiviral development. We recently showed that non-cytotoxic levels of thapsigargin (TG), an inhibitor of the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ ATPase pump, induces a potent host innate immune antiviral response that blocks influenza A virus replication. Here we show that TG is also highly effective in blocking the replication of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), common cold coronavirus OC43, SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus in immortalized or primary human cells. TG's antiviral performance was significantly better than remdesivir and ribavirin in their respective inhibition of OC43 and RSV. Notably, TG was just as inhibitory to coronaviruses (OC43 and SARS-CoV-2) and influenza viruses (USSR H1N1 and pdm 2009 H1N1) in separate infections as in co-infections. Post-infection oral gavage of acid-stable TG protected mice against a lethal influenza virus challenge. Together with its ability to inhibit the different viruses before or during active infection, and with an antiviral duration of at least 48 h post-TG exposure, we propose that TG (or its derivatives) is a promising broad-spectrum inhibitor against SARS-CoV-2, OC43, RSV and influenza virus.